宏位置是将内存块放在芯片画布上的问题。它可以在序列对上表达为组合优化问题，该表示形式描述了宏的相对位置。解决此问题尤其具有挑战性，因为目标功能评估昂贵。在本文中，我们通过序列对使用贝叶斯优化（BO）开发了一种新颖的方法来宏观放置。 BO是一种机器学习技术，它使用概率的替代模型和一个采集功能，可以平衡探索和开发以有效地优化黑盒目标函数。 BO比强化学习更有效率，因此可以与更现实的目标一起使用。此外，从数据中学习并将算法适应目标函数的能力使BO成为其他黑盒优化方法（例如模拟退火）的吸引人替代方法，该方法依赖于问题依赖性的启发式方法和参数调整。我们在固定外线宏观位置问题上基准了我们的算法，并具有半二级线长度目标，并表现出竞争性能。

关于组合优化的机器学习的最新作品表明，基于学习的方法可以优于速度和性能方面的启发式方法。在本文中，我们考虑了在定向的无环图上找到最佳拓扑顺序的问题，重点是编译器中出现的记忆最小化问题。我们提出了一种基于端到端的机器学习方法，用于使用编码器框架，用于拓扑排序。我们的编码器是一种基于注意力的新图形神经网络体系结构，称为\ emph {topoformer}，它使用DAG的不同拓扑转换来传递消息。由编码器产生的节点嵌入被转换为节点优先级，解码器使用这些嵌入，以生成概率分布对拓扑顺序。我们在称为分层图的合成生成图的数据集上训练我们的模型。我们表明，我们的模型的表现优于或在PAR上，具有多个拓扑排序基线，同时在最多2K节点的合成图上明显更快。我们还在一组现实世界计算图上训练和测试我们的模型，显示了性能的改进。

我们提出了一种新型的机器学习方法，用于从晶格量子场理论的高维概率分布中取样。我们的建议不是迄今为止用于此任务的深层体系结构，而是基于单个神经效果层，并结合了问题的完整对称性。我们在$ \ phi^4 $理论上测试了我们的模型，这表明它系统地优于先前提出的采样效率基于流动的方法，并且对于较大的晶格而言，改进尤其明显。与以前的基线模型相比，我们将关键指标（有效样本量）提高了，从1％到91％，尺寸为$ 32 \ times 32 $。我们还证明，我们的模型可以成功学习一个连续的理论家庭，并且可以将学习结果转移到更大的晶格中。与传统的基于MCMC的方法相比，这种概括能力进一步突出了机器学习方法的潜在优势。

我们提出了一种连续的标准化流量，用于从物理学中量子域理论的高尺寸概率分布采样。与迄今为止此任务的深度架构相比，我们的提案基于浅设计并包含问题的对称性。我们在$ \ PHI ^ 4 $理论上测试我们的模型，表明它系统地优于采样效率的REALNV基准，其两个增加对于较大格子的差异。在我们考虑的最大格子上，大小为32美元，我们改善了一个关键的公制，有效的样本量，从1％到66％w.r.t.Realnvp基线。

This paper proposes a question-answering system that can answer questions whose supporting evidence is spread over multiple (potentially long) documents. The system, called Visconde, uses a three-step pipeline to perform the task: decompose, retrieve, and aggregate. The first step decomposes the question into simpler questions using a few-shot large language model (LLM). Then, a state-of-the-art search engine is used to retrieve candidate passages from a large collection for each decomposed question. In the final step, we use the LLM in a few-shot setting to aggregate the contents of the passages into the final answer. The system is evaluated on three datasets: IIRC, Qasper, and StrategyQA. Results suggest that current retrievers are the main bottleneck and that readers are already performing at the human level as long as relevant passages are provided. The system is also shown to be more effective when the model is induced to give explanations before answering a question. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/neuralmind-ai/visconde}.

A systematic review on machine-learning strategies for improving generalizability (cross-subjects and cross-sessions) electroencephalography (EEG) based in emotion classification was realized. In this context, the non-stationarity of EEG signals is a critical issue and can lead to the Dataset Shift problem. Several architectures and methods have been proposed to address this issue, mainly based on transfer learning methods. 418 papers were retrieved from the Scopus, IEEE Xplore and PubMed databases through a search query focusing on modern machine learning techniques for generalization in EEG-based emotion assessment. Among these papers, 75 were found eligible based on their relevance to the problem. Studies lacking a specific cross-subject and cross-session validation strategy and making use of other biosignals as support were excluded. On the basis of the selected papers' analysis, a taxonomy of the studies employing Machine Learning (ML) methods was proposed, together with a brief discussion on the different ML approaches involved. The studies with the best results in terms of average classification accuracy were identified, supporting that transfer learning methods seem to perform better than other approaches. A discussion is proposed on the impact of (i) the emotion theoretical models and (ii) psychological screening of the experimental sample on the classifier performances.

Plastic shopping bags that get carried away from the side of roads and tangled on cotton plants can end up at cotton gins if not removed before the harvest. Such bags may not only cause problem in the ginning process but might also get embodied in cotton fibers reducing its quality and marketable value. Therefore, it is required to detect, locate, and remove the bags before cotton is harvested. Manually detecting and locating these bags in cotton fields is labor intensive, time-consuming and a costly process. To solve these challenges, we present application of four variants of YOLOv5 (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l and YOLOv5x) for detecting plastic shopping bags using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)-acquired RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) images. We also show fixed effect model tests of color of plastic bags as well as YOLOv5-variant on average precision (AP), mean average precision (mAP@50) and accuracy. In addition, we also demonstrate the effect of height of plastic bags on the detection accuracy. It was found that color of bags had significant effect (p < 0.001) on accuracy across all the four variants while it did not show any significant effect on the AP with YOLOv5m (p = 0.10) and YOLOv5x (p = 0.35) at 95% confidence level. Similarly, YOLOv5-variant did not show any significant effect on the AP (p = 0.11) and accuracy (p = 0.73) of white bags, but it had significant effects on the AP (p = 0.03) and accuracy (p = 0.02) of brown bags including on the mAP@50 (p = 0.01) and inference speed (p < 0.0001). Additionally, height of plastic bags had significant effect (p < 0.0001) on overall detection accuracy. The findings reported in this paper can be useful in speeding up removal of plastic bags from cotton fields before harvest and thereby reducing the amount of contaminants that end up at cotton gins.

Bi-encoders and cross-encoders are widely used in many state-of-the-art retrieval pipelines. In this work we study the generalization ability of these two types of architectures on a wide range of parameter count on both in-domain and out-of-domain scenarios. We find that the number of parameters and early query-document interactions of cross-encoders play a significant role in the generalization ability of retrieval models. Our experiments show that increasing model size results in marginal gains on in-domain test sets, but much larger gains in new domains never seen during fine-tuning. Furthermore, we show that cross-encoders largely outperform bi-encoders of similar size in several tasks. In the BEIR benchmark, our largest cross-encoder surpasses a state-of-the-art bi-encoder by more than 4 average points. Finally, we show that using bi-encoders as first-stage retrievers provides no gains in comparison to a simpler retriever such as BM25 on out-of-domain tasks. The code is available at https://github.com/guilhermemr04/scaling-zero-shot-retrieval.git

AI-based code generators are an emerging solution for automatically writing programs starting from descriptions in natural language, by using deep neural networks (Neural Machine Translation, NMT). In particular, code generators have been used for ethical hacking and offensive security testing by generating proof-of-concept attacks. Unfortunately, the evaluation of code generators still faces several issues. The current practice uses automatic metrics, which compute the textual similarity of generated code with ground-truth references. However, it is not clear what metric to use, and which metric is most suitable for specific contexts. This practical experience report analyzes a large set of output similarity metrics on offensive code generators. We apply the metrics on two state-of-the-art NMT models using two datasets containing offensive assembly and Python code with their descriptions in the English language. We compare the estimates from the automatic metrics with human evaluation and provide practical insights into their strengths and limitations.

The understanding capabilities of current state-of-the-art 3D models are limited by datasets with a small number of annotated data and a pre-defined set of categories. In its 2D counterpart, recent advances have shown that similar problems can be significantly alleviated by employing knowledge from other modalities, such as language. Inspired by this, leveraging multimodal information for 3D modality could be promising to improve 3D understanding under the restricted data regime, but this line of research is not well studied. Therefore, we introduce ULIP to learn a unified representation of image, text, and 3D point cloud by pre-training with object triplets from the three modalities. To overcome the shortage of training triplets, ULIP leverages a pre-trained vision-language model that has already learned a common visual and textual space by training with massive image-text pairs. Then, ULIP learns a 3D representation space aligned with the common image-text space, using a small number of automatically synthesized triplets. ULIP is agnostic to 3D backbone networks and can easily be integrated into any 3D architecture. Experiments show that ULIP effectively improves the performance of multiple recent 3D backbones by simply pre-training them on ShapeNet55 using our framework, achieving state-of-the-art performance in both standard 3D classification and zero-shot 3D classification on ModelNet40 and ScanObjectNN. ULIP also improves the performance of PointMLP by around 3% in 3D classification on ScanObjectNN, and outperforms PointCLIP by 28.8% on top-1 accuracy for zero-shot 3D classification on ModelNet40. Our code and pre-trained models will be released.